Introduction ix

Part 1: Ideologies and identities

1: Language Ideologies and Language Policies
Language ideology defined
A framework for studying language ideologies
Normative monolingualism
English only
Monoglossic language ideologies
Ideologies about the value of Spanish
Mock Spanish
The status of English
Language policies, planning and practices
Language policy in the US
Bilingual education
Workplace practices and policies
Services in languages other than English
Discussion questions and activities
Recommended reading

2: Language and Identity
Social constructionist approaches to identity
Social identities are on many levels
Social identities are multiple
Social identities are continually shifting
Towards a non-essentialist perspective on identity
Identity construction through language use
Identities in bilingual discourse: Translanguaging
Language choice and identity among Latin@s in the US
Discussion questions and activities
Recommended reading

3: ‘Race’, Ethnicity and Spanish Speakers in the US
‘Race’ as a social construct
Race in Latin@ studies
Ethnicity
Race, ethnicity and the linguistic construction of identity
Race, ethnicity and national identity
Language ideologies and Latin@ identities
Discussion questions and activities
Recommended reading

4: Media Representations of Spanish and Spanish Speakers in US English Language TV and Film: Production and Reproduction of Ideologies
An unrepresentative representation of Latin@s
Stereotypical portrayals of Latin@s
Cultural stereotypes in the new millennium
Language use: Monolingual norms and deviant behavior
TV representations of Latin@s for children: Spanish as a resource
Disconnect
Discussion questions and activities
Recommended reading/viewing

Part 2: Language practices

5: Spanish Language Maintenance and Shift in the US
Introduction: Minority languages
Options in language contact: Factors and attitudes
Keeping the L1 and ‘refusing’ to learn English
Learning English and maintaining Spanish
Language shift: Losing Spanish
Diglossia versus sustainable languaging
Ethnolinguistic vitality
Language maintenance and social networks
Spanish language maintenance and shift in the US
Case studies of language maintenance and shift in different communities:
Variables and consequences
Spanish in the southwest
Cuban Americans in Miami
Puerto Ricans in New York City
Spanish in Chicago
Conclusion
Discussion questions and activities
Recommended reading/viewing

6: Linguistic Consequences of Spanish-English Bilingualism in the US: ‘Spanglish’ and Chican@ English
Introduction
Language contact phenomena defined
Structural borrowing
Concluding remarks about structural aspects of US Spanish
Chican@ English
Discussion questions and activities
Recommended reading
Key to abbreviations for grammatical glosses

7: Latin@ Education in the US
Introduction
Education of Latin@s in the US: History and program types
A short history of educational policies in the US regarding the language(s) of education
Educating English language learners: Program types
Submersion
Transitional bilingual education programs: Early exit
Transitional bilingualism programs: Late exit
Immersion and other maintenance programs
Effectiveness of bilingual education programs
Ideologies in language education
The role of identity in Latino education
Conclusion
Discussion questions and activities
Recommended reading

References

Glossary

Index